CONTRASTIVE CONJUNCTION & MODAL PERFECT

Contrastive Conjunction

Mr. Jack : What is the result of the OSIS MEETING?

Edward  : A few members want an indirect election in choosing the new OSIS chairperson, Sir. However, most members want a direct election.

Mr. Jack : OK. I’ll discuss that later, with the other teachers.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

If we want to say what other people said, thought or felt, we can use the direct and indirect speech (reported speech).

STATEMENT

The direct speech: "I like it," he said. "Irene is late," he thought. "I will pass the exam," she hoped.

The reported speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam.

The reported speech is typically introduced by verbs such as say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse etc. in the past tense. Example :

He said (that) he didn't want it.

She explained that she had been at the seaside.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

There are two special forms for verbs called voice:

1.    Active voice

A sentence is written in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action in the sentence. e.g. The girl was washing the dog.

The active voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb:

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional Sentence Type 1

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: 

Positive	Negative	Question
If I see him, I'll (I will) tell him.	If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus.	What will you do if there is a problem?

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is an imaginative story to amuse and entertain readers. And in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

PERSUADING, ENCOURAGING, AND PREVENTING SOMEONE FROM DOING SOMETHING

Persuading

Persuading is an expression to persuade someone. It means to make someone decide to do something by giving them reasons why they should do it, asking them many times to do it, or to make someone believe something or feel sure about something.

DISCUSSION TEXT

Discussion text is a text which present a problematic discourse. The problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. One side is agreeing the issue, and the other is disagreeing that issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from different viewpoints. Discussion text presents, at least, two point of views about an issue. Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

ASKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES, EXPRESSING CURIOSITY & DESIRE, AND EXPRESSING VIEWS

Asking about Possibilities

Possibility is an opportunity to do something, or something can be done or tried. If there is a possibility that something is true or that something will happen, it might be true or it might happen.

EXPLANATION TEXT

Explanation text is a text that contains the processes involved in natural and social phenomena, or to explain how something works. These texts answer the questions “how” or “why”. It is often found in science, geography, and history text books.

COMPLAINING & GIVING INSTRUCTION

Complaining

Complaining is an expression of displeasure, annoyance, not satisfied, or unhappy in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable or about something or someone.

Here are some expressions that can be used to complain :

MAKING SUGGESTION & REQUESTING SOMETHING

Making Suggestion

Making suggestion is how you express your suggestion to someone. It’s like to remind someone of something, to make someone think that something is likely to exist or to be true, to tell someone about something that may be useful or suitable for a particular purpose, or to offer an idea or a plan for someone to consider.

BUSINESS LETTER

Business letter is a formal way of communicating between two or more parties. There are several different common types of business letter. They are letter of order, request, application, and recommendation.

A business letter is written in formal language. The letter is written for official correspondence between two organizations and organizations and customers, clients, etc.

ADMITTING MISTAKES & MAKING PROMISES

Admitting mistake

Admitting mistake is the way you to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc. When you have a mistake to someone, you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear.

BLAMING AND ACCUSING SOMEONE

Blaming

Blaming is an expression that is used to say/think that someone is responsible for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done. Blaming is about finding fault.